China controls 90% of supply and restricted exports in 2023. Western chip manufacturers are still scrambling for alternatives as AI hardware demand grows.

Every EV motor and wind turbine requires neodymium magnets. As clean energy targets accelerate, demand is outpacing new mine development.

Green hydrogen is gaining traction as a fuel source, and platinum is the catalyst that makes hydrogen fuel cells work.

Electrification is copper-intensive. New mine supply is not keeping pace with EV, grid, and data center demand, pointing to a structural deficit ahead.